Promoting Responsible DeepSeek Deployment in Health Care: Scoping Review Comparing Grey and White Literature.

ABSTRACT:

Background

DeepSeek is an open-source large language model (LLM), and it has greatly accelerated LLM adoption in health care. Its rapid deployment has sparked concerns regarding its impact on patient outcomes and safety. However, little is known about how DeepSeek is used and regulated in health care.

Objective

This study aimed to (1) systematically review the characteristics of DeepSeek deployed in the top 100 hospitals in China, and (2) compare the performance and risks of DeepSeek between hospital disclosures and research evidence.

Methods

We searched the official websites and WeChat accounts of the top 100 hospitals in China and the databases of Web of Science and PubMed, using the terms "DeepSeek" and "large language models." Searches were limited to records afte

SUBMITTER: Jiang W 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12680131 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature