Establishment and characterization of an orthotopic implanted lung cancer model to mimic human tumor structure, microenvironment, and metastatic spread.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Subcutaneous (SC) lung tumor models are widely used in preclinical studies due to their technical simplicity but fail to recapitulate the complex microenvironment, immune landscape, and metastatic behavior of human lung cancers. These limitations hinder the translational value of such models, particularly in evaluating immunotherapies and metastasis-related mechanisms. There is a critical need for more physiologically relevant in vivo models that better reflect clinical tumor characteristics and disease progression. To address these limitations, we sought to develop a reproducible orthotopic lung cancer (LuO) model that enables detailed study of tumor progression, immune infiltration, and metastatic dynamics.

Methods

We established and characterized a thora

SUBMITTER: Picabea B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12683413 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature