The evaluation of tooth whitening from a perspective of artificial intelligence: a comparative analytical study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly consulted for dental aesthetics information. This study evaluated the performance of multiple large language models (LLMs) in answering patient questions about tooth whitening.

Methods

109 patient-derived questions, categorized into five clinical domains, were submitted to four LLMs: ChatGPT-4o, Google Gemini, DeepSeek R1, and DentalGPT. Two calibrated specialists evaluated responses for usefulness, quality (Global Quality Scale), reliability (CLEAR tool), and readability (Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease, SMOG index).

Results

The models generated consistently high-quality information. Most responses (68%) were "very useful" (mean score: 1.24 ± 0.3). Quality (mean GQS: 3.9 ± 2.0) and reliability (mean CLEAR:

SUBMITTER: Al-Haddad A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12683524 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature