Associations between sex hormones and obesity-related indicators: results from the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

This study sought to explore the relationships between sex hormones and obesity-related markers, while utilizing Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate their causal links.

Methods

Data from 5179 participants of the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models were utilized to examine linear and non-linear associations between sex hormones and obesity-related parameters. Causal inference was explored via a two-sample MR analysis, with inverse-variance weighting (IVW) as the primary approach.

Results

Cross-sectional assessments showed that in males, testosterone levels, SHBG, and T/E2 ratio were negatively correlated with obesity, while estradiol displayed a

SUBMITTER: Yuan Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12683816 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature