Associations Between Halitosis and Craniofacial Morphology, Salivary Biochemical Parameters, and Mouth Breathing in Adult Patients with Malocclusion: A Cross-Sectional Study.

ABSTRACT: Background/Objectives: Halitosis is a common oral condition primarily caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) produced in the oral cavity. Although previous studies have suggested that craniofacial morphology, salivary biochemical characteristics, and functional breathing patterns may relate to malodor development, their combined influence in adults with malocclusion has not been fully clarified. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among craniofacial morphology, salivary biochemical parameters, and mouth breathing in adult patients with malocclusion. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 234 adults with malocclusion (75 males and 159 females; mean age 29.0 ± 9.5 years). Halitosis was quantified using gas chromatography, and participants w

SUBMITTER: Kikuchi K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12692599 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature