Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACT: Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent social-communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. While genetic factors play a major role, prenatal environmental exposures may also contribute. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes, but its association with ASD remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar up to September 2025. Eligible observational studies evaluated maternal active smoking during pregnancy and ASD diagnosis in offspring. Effect estimates wer

SUBMITTER: Peltekidi A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12692760 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature