Nanotoxicity of Porous Silica Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Properties and Mechanistic Cellular Endpoints.

ABSTRACT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of nanoparticles (NPs), emphasizing their physicochemical properties and biological interactions, with particular focus on porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs). The review provides information on the Safe-by-design (SbD) S.A.F.E. (Standardised characterization, Assessment of biocompatibility, Facilitation of toxicity and exposure routes and Evaluation of clinical translation) framework. It discusses critical factors influencing NP toxicity and cellular uptake, including particle size, shape, pore size, surface charge, surface functionalisation, and crystallinity. The review also examines exposure routes of NPs-inhalation, dermal, oral, systemic and mucosal-and their subsequent biological effects. A key section is dedica

SUBMITTER: Patel T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12693477 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature