Development and Characterization of a Biodegradable Radiopaque PLA/Gd₂O₃ Filament for Bone-Equivalent Phantom Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication.

ABSTRACT: Additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly evolved due to its design flexibility, ability to enable personalized fabrication, and reduced material waste. In the medical field, fused filament fabrication (FFF) facilitates the production of individualized anatomical models for surgical preparation, education, medical imaging, and calibration. However, the lack of filaments with X-ray attenuation similar to that of biological hard tissues limits their use in radiological imaging. To address this limitation, a radiopaque filament was developed by incorporating gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) into a biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix at 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. Thermal and rheological properties were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric a

SUBMITTER: Ozmen O 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12693748 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature