Evaluation of triply periodic minimal surface geometries in 3D-printed PLA scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation.

ABSTRACT: Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds are gaining attention in tissue engineering due to their continuous and interconnected porous architecture. In this study, three TPMS geometries-Gyroid, Diamond, and I-WP-were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM), with all scaffolds designed to maintain the same overall porosity. Scaffold characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), compressive mechanical testing, and surface wettability analysis. Although porosity was constant, differences in Equivalent Circular Diameter (ECD) values were observed among the geometries, reflecting variations in pore morphology. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured under chond

SUBMITTER: Kılıc MA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12696442 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature