Sonogenic malate depleting modulator for tumor metabolic reprogramming and antitumor immune activation.

ABSTRACT: The malate/aspartate shuttle is essential for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and supporting tumor metabolism and survival. However, developing effective, controllable strategies to manipulate malate metabolism in vivo remains a challenge. Here, we report a sonogenically activated malate depletion modulator (MDM), GO/BCT:Mn, which integrates graphene oxide (GO) with Ca/Mn co-doped barium titanate (BCT:Mn) nanoparticles, enabling simultaneous metabolic and immune modulation under ultrasonic stimulation. Mechanistic studies reveal ultrasound triggers spatial charge separation in GO/BCT:Mn, generating reductive electrons and oxidative holes. Electrons drive the reduction of H⁺ to H₂, lowering MMP and providing a gas therapy effect, whereas oxidative ho

SUBMITTER: Yang R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12702302 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature