Effects of early water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition interventions on child development at school age: a follow-on study of a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT:

Background

A previous cluster-randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh found that individual or combined water, handwashing, sanitation, and nutrition interventions during pregnancy and after birth improved developmental outcomes of children at 1 and 2 years of age. In this study, we aimed to determine if these intervention effects were sustained for children at school age.

Methods and findings

Clusters of pregnant women were enrolled between May 31, 2012 and July 7, 2013 and block-randomized into chlorinated drinking water (W); improved sanitation (S); handwashing with soap (H); combined WSH; nutrition counseling and provision of lipid-based supplements (N); combined WSH + N, or a double-sized passive control arm (C) with no intervention visits (N = 5,551). The primary out

SUBMITTER: Tofail F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12707674 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature