Visual marker-based augmented reality for intraoperative ultrasound in minimally invasive surgery.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) is essential in minimally invasive hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery but requires surgeons to alternate attention between laparoscopic and ultrasound monitors, disrupting workflow. We developed Flag AR, an augmented reality system that superimposes real-time ultrasound images onto laparoscopic displays using visual marker tracking.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 14 patients undergoing minimally invasive hepatobiliary-pancreatic procedures between March and April 2025. Three experienced surgeons performed target identification tasks using both Flag AR and conventional IOUS. Eye-tracking analysis measured gaze shifts and visual focus time using wearable eye-tracking glasses.

Results

Twenty-six anatom

SUBMITTER: Takamoto T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12708687 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature