A Six-Electron Energy Storage Material for Ultra-Stable Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries.

ABSTRACT: Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) offer sustainable, large-scale energy storage using tunable, earth-abundant organic molecules, avoiding resource limitations. While most aqueous redox flow battery materials utilize single- (n = 1) or dual-electron (n = 2) transfer mechanisms, stable multi-electron (n > 4) redox systems remain largely unexplored. A six-electron (n = 6) phenazine-based negative electrolyte, 2,2',2''-(diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c]phenazine-2,8,14-triyltris(oxy))tripropionic acid (PPA) is engineered with a π-extended fused-ring core and branched hydrophilic side chains. As supported by molecular dynamics simulation, the C─O linked tri-substituted propanoic acid groups in PPA disrupt intermolecular π-π stacking, achieving an unprecedented aqueous solubility of 1.2 m

SUBMITTER: Zhang X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12713029 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature