Micrographia in Parkinson's Disease: Automatic Recognition through Artificial Intelligence.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to handwriting abnormalities primarily characterized by micrographia. Whether micrographia manifests early in PD, worsens throughout the disease, and lastly responds to L-Dopa is still under scientific debate.

Objectives

We investigated the onset, progression and L-Dopa responsiveness of micrographia in PD, by applying a non-invasive and cheap tool of artificial intelligence- (AI)-based pen-and-paper handwriting analysis.

Methods

Fifty-seven PD undergoing chronic L-Dopa treatment were enrolled, including 30 early-stage (H&Y ≤ 2) and 27 mid-advanced stage (H&Y > 2) patients, alongside 25 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants completed two standardized pen-and-paper handwriting tasks in an ecological scenario. Handwriting

SUBMITTER: Asci F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12715321 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature