Towards precision psychiatry: Metabolomics identifies three biological subtypes of depression.

ABSTRACT: Depression is clinically and biologically heterogeneous, mandating classification strategies for personalized medicine. This study explored depression subtypes using metabolomics data from the UK Biobank and validated the subtypes in the Whitehall II cohort. The five-step analysis included: (1) identification of distinct subtypes using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and four machine learning algorithms; (2) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to examine associations across subtypes and controls; (3) comparison of clinical characteristics across subtypes; (4) development of 24 subtype-specific diagnostic models and validation in an independent cohort; and (5) construction and comparison of metabolic networks across subtypes. Cluster analysis of 249 metabolomic indicators in indi

SUBMITTER: Ma S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12716697 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature