Indirect 3D printing in tissue engineering: expanding materials used for improved scaffold functionality.

ABSTRACT: During the past decades, three-dimensional (3D) printing processes have come as the foremost technology for the fabrication of scaffolds in tissue engineering (TE). The advanced technical approaches followed by 3D printing have provided architectural versatility and customizability. Despite the many progresses, several limitations have emerged related to the available, processable range of materials offering desired functions equivalent or suitable for the target tissue. To address the issue raised, several novel methodologies have been developed where a 3D printed sacrificial mold serves to produce the final scaffold from a wide range of materials, even from the difficult-to-print or unprintable materials. These techniques are known as "indirect 3D printing" (I3DP), which like the direct

SUBMITTER: Bahraminasab M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12717731 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature