From Distress To Disruption in Early Childhood: Time-Varying Associations Between Internalizing and Externalizing Problems, Child Sex and Prenatal Cocaine Exposure.

ABSTRACT: Evidence of internalizing (INT)-to-externalizing (EXT) directional effects (e.g., acting out/masked depression hypotheses) has been commonly found in older youth. However, this relationship may still be present but fluctuate more dynamically during early development, a period of significant cognitive and self-regulatory changes. Moreover, dynamic codevelopment has not been well studied in samples at elevated risk, including those due to prenatal cocaine exposure. There is some evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure increases risk for EXT, but findings have been mixed. One possible explanation may be that INT may codevelop with EXT in higher-risk contexts, and most studies do not consider codevelopment of these problems. We utilized time-varying effect modeling to investigate the age-varyi

SUBMITTER: Ivanova MY 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12718271 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature