Orthotopic bladder cancer preclinical models: Comprehensive review and technique optimization.

ABSTRACT:

Background

In vivo modeling is essential to study bladder cancer biology. Orthotopic bladder tumor models involve direct introduction of tumor cells into the bladder of a laboratory animal. Common techniques for orthotopic tumor introduction include transurethral, ultrasound-guided, or surgical approaches.

Objective

We systematically collected data from published studies that have utilized orthotopic bladder tumor models in mice or rats to identify trends and outcomes across techniques. We used these data to optimize a surgical orthotopic technique.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed to identify articles involving orthotopic implantation of tumor cells into mouse or rat bladders for research purposes. Results were individually reviewed and filtered. All stud

SUBMITTER: Hanlon T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12722681 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature