Prevalence and associations of adverse childhood experiences with anxiety and depressive symptoms in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Research in Southeast Asia-particularly Indonesia-on the link between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental health remains limited. The current study aims to examine the prevalence of ACEs in Indonesia, associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms among adults, and gender differences.

Methods

We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of 872 Indonesians aged 21-64 years. ACEs were measured using the WHO ACE-IQ, and anxiety and depressive symptoms with the PHQ-2, GAD-2, and their composite PHQ-4. Associations between ACEs and symptoms were analyzed using weighted regression models adjusting for demographic variables.

Results

ACEs were highly prevalent (79.5%), most commonly parental separation (50.9%), emotional neglect (39.4%), and sexual a

SUBMITTER: Arulsamy K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12727598 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature