ABSTRACT: Sudan dyes, toxic elements, and pesticide residues in spices pose potential health risks through long-term exposure, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring. This study evaluated their occurrence and toxicological impact in 80 spice samples collected from Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Faiyum, and Alexandria governorates in Egypt. Advanced analytical techniques including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for detection. Several metals: antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zin
