Rethinking Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Precision Medicine Approaches.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a complex and heterogeneous condition affecting a considerable subset of patients who do not respond to conventional antidepressants. Given the limitations of traditional treatment strategies, there is a growing need for alternative and personalized approaches.

Objective

This review explores the neurobiological underpinnings of TRD and examines the efficacy of emerging pharmacological and neuromodulatory interventions. We also highlight the potential role of the bipolar spectrum in TRD and the need for tailored treatment strategies.

Methods

A systematic review of literature from 2015 to 2025 was conducted using PubMed and Scopus. Studies on TRD treatment modalities, including augmentation strategies, mood stabilizers,

SUBMITTER: Tatlı SZ 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12728552 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature