Tetracyclines in the Modern Era: Global Consumption, Antimicrobial Resistance, Environmental Occurrence, and Degradation Techniques.

ABSTRACT: Tetracyclines are among the oldest classes of antibiotics, with broad activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Chlamydia, Legionella, Rickettsia, and Mycoplasma species. Widely used in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, and aquaculture, they represent approximately 10-12% of the global antimicrobial market. Extensive use has driven the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, posing ecological and public health risks. However, the full extent of these risks remains unclear due to limited data on tetracycline consumption, environmental occurrence, and resistance patterns across sectors. Recent One Health-oriented strategies have promoted the rational use of tetracyclines in medicine, veterinary practice, and agricult

SUBMITTER: Semenova Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12729376 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature