Wastewater Analyses for Psychoactive Substances at Music Festivals: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT: Music festivals have emerged as venues for the consumption of recreational drugs and novel psychoactive substances. This systematic review provides the first critical evaluation and synthesis of published wastewater analyses for detecting recreational drug use at music festivals worldwide. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS databases using terms combining music festivals, drugs, and wastewater analysis. Twenty-three studies were included, spanning festivals with 6200 to 600,000 attendees. Two primary sampling approaches emerged: wastewater sampling (16 studies) and pooled urine sampling (7 studies), using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry or Liquid Chro

SUBMITTER: Cainamisir R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12729779 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature