Advances in Achilles Tendon Tissue Engineering: Integrating Cells, Scaffolds, and Mechanical Loading for Functional Regeneration.

ABSTRACT: Achilles tendon injuries are among the most frequent and debilitating musculoskeletal conditions, often resulting in incomplete healing and functional deficits. Conventional repair techniques primarily restore structural continuity but rarely achieve full biomechanical or histological regeneration. Recent advances in tissue engineering have introduced innovative strategies combining biomimetic scaffolds, cellular therapy, growth factors, and mechanical loading to promote regenerative rather than fibrotic repair. This review summarises the current understanding of Achilles tendon biology and healing mechanisms, with a focus on the integration of stem cell technologies, scaffold design, and mechanobiological conditioning. Various scaffold systems, including natural, synthetic, hybrid, and hy

SUBMITTER: Mosaid S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12730031 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature