Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in cancer: an emerging target for next-generation anticancer immunotherapy?

ABSTRACT: Over the last decades, a growing number of distinct CD4+T helper cells has been identified and our understanding of CD4+T cell differentiation and function in various disease contexts has increased immensely. It has long been thought that the role of CD4+T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was limited to coordinating the immune response by stimulating other immune cells and by secretion of cytokines with antitumor activity, while direct killing of tumor cells has been largely attributed to cytotoxic CD8+T cells. Notably, CD4+T cells with direct cytotoxic activity (CD4+CTLs) have been reported in the context of viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and more recently in patients with various cancer types. These cells have the ability to secrete cytotoxic molecules and kill target c

SUBMITTER: van Wandeloo IMB 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12730827 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature