Biochemical Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Hemodialysis: The Role of Albumin, Calcium, and β₂-Microglobulin According to Gender.

ABSTRACT: Background: Psychological distress is common in hemodialysis patients and is linked to worse clinical outcomes and lower quality of life. Nutritional and inflammatory disturbances may impact emotional well-being. Gender likely acts as a biological and psychosocial modifier. This study examined the link between depression, anxiety, and stress in hemodialysis patients and a broad range of biochemical markers, focusing on gender as a main factor. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 54 adults on maintenance hemodialysis at a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Emotional distress was measured using the DASS-21. Predialysis biochemical markers assessed were β₂-microglobulin, albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, phosphorus, potassium, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Statistical an

SUBMITTER: Zaragoza Fernandez GM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12731038 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature