Authentication of Propolis: Integrating Chemical Profiling, Data Analysis and International Standardization-A Review.

ABSTRACT: Propolis is an apicultural product known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its composition varies with botanical sources, geography, season and bee species, complicating quality control and creating opportunities for adulteration, such as the addition of poplar bud extracts or non-propolis resins. This review synthesizes the latest primary studies and reviews addressing chemical markers identified through analytical platforms, such as TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR, FTIR and ICP, often integrated with chemometrics and machine learning for authentication and standardization. Marker panels are linked to regional chemotypes, including poplar-type, Brazilian green, red and brown, Cuban variants, and stingless bee propolis. Fraud detection strate

SUBMITTER: Pastor K 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12732287 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature