Tear Film Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACT: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as affecting not only the retina but also the ocular surface. Chronic hyperglycemia can disrupt meibomian gland function, reduce tear secretion, and impair corneal sensitivity, leading to tear film instability and symptoms of dry eye disease. However, previous studies have reported variable findings, and the extent of these alterations remains uncertain. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated observational studies that compared tear film parameters between adults with T2DM and non-diabetic controls. Eligible studies assessed one or more of the following: invasive or non-invasive tear break-up time, Schirmer test, tear meniscus height, or Ocular Surface Dise

SUBMITTER: Ghenciu DM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12732288 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature