Linearly Responsive, Reliable, and Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Polyaniline Composite Hydrogels.

ABSTRACT: Conductive hydrogels are ideal for flexible strain sensors, yet their practical use is often limited by water evaporation, signal hysteresis, and structural instability, which impair linearity, durability, and long-term reliability. To overcome these challenges, we developed a robust multiple-network hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), in situ polymerized polyaniline (PANi), and the ionic liquid [EMIM][TFSI]. The resulting composite exhibits an exceptional linear piezoresistive response across its entire working range-from rest to fracture strain of 290%-together with high conductivity (0.68 S/cm), fast response/recovery (0.34 s/0.35 s), and a maximum gauge factor of 2.78. Mechanically robust (tensile strength ≈ 3.7 MPa, modulus ≈ 1.3 MPa), the hydrogel

SUBMITTER: He C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12732904 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature