Interaction Between <i>CTLA-4</i>, <i>FOXO-3</i>, and <i>PTPN-22</i> Variants and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes-Observational Association Study.

ABSTRACT: Background: Immune-regulatory genes such as CTLA-4, FOXO-3, and PTPN-22 influence immune tolerance and metabolic adaptation, but their interaction with environmental factors in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) remains unclear. Methods: In this observational associated study, we analyzed CTLA-4 (rs3087243, rs231775), FOXO-3 (rs2802292, rs9400239), and PTPN-22 (rs12730735) polymorphisms in 277 adults with T1DM, assessing associations with probiotic and vitamin D use, self-reported dietary patterns, metabolic control, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Results: Across the cohort, CTLA-4 rs3087243 G and FOXO-3 rs2802292 T alleles were associated with higher A

SUBMITTER: Cichocka E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12735596 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature