Effects of Combined Exercise and Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a major cause of fragility fractures worldwide. While exercise and calcium/vitamin D are standard preventive measures, the synergistic effects of their combined use on bone mineral density (BMD) remain unclear.

Methods

We systematically searched eight databases through October 2025 and synthesized data using Review Manager version 5.4. Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine heterogeneity and test the robustness of results. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool, and the certainty of evidence was graded with the GRADE framework.

Results

13 RCTs involving postmenopausal women were included. Compared with calcium and vitamin D supplementation alone, combined interven

SUBMITTER: Bai J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12735737 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature