Detection of Microbial Contamination in Nanomaterials Using LAL, rFC and Cell-Based Assays: Implications for Nanotoxicological Hazard Assessment.

ABSTRACT: Accurate detection of microbial contamination is essential in the assessment of toxicological and immunological responses to various materials, as low-level contaminants can lead to confounding results. Traditional endotoxin testing relies on the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, which depends on horseshoe crab blood and raises both ecological and ethical concerns. Sustainable alternatives such as recombinant Factor C (rFC) provide a promising solution, yet validation for the detection of endotoxin in nanomaterials remains incomplete. In this study, we have used rFC alongside Toll-like receptor (TLR) reporter assays to detect both endotoxin and broader microbial contaminants in 31 nanomaterials from diverse classes. Special attention was given to assay interference by nanomaterials to

SUBMITTER: Lei P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12736212 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature