Toxic Trace Element Concentration in Commercially Available Cigarettes in Poland, Europe.

ABSTRACT: (1) Background: Tobacco use constitutes a significant preventable cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. It contributes to cumulative exposure to carcinogenic and toxic heavy metals, including cadmium, lead, nickel, and copper. Collectively, these metals promote oxidative stress, multi-organ damage, and an increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases; (2) Methods: The research material comprised 119 tobacco samples. The concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper, and nickel in the samples were subsequently determined. A series of calculations were conducted in order to estimate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of tobacco products under a variety of exposure scenarios; (3) Results: The concentrations of

SUBMITTER: Cwielag-Drabek M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12737748 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature