Trends of ciprofloxacin use in Kazakhstan, impacts of COVID-19, and strategies for AMR control.

ABSTRACT: The misuse of antibacterial agents is a key driver of the rapid and widespread rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study examines the consumption trends of ciprofloxacin-the second most consumed antibiotic in Kazakhstan across outpatient and inpatient settings-before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic to inform AMR mitigation strategies. The analysis is based on two data sources: a comprehensive review of national regulatory documents governing ciprofloxacin use and a pharmaco-epidemiological assessment of procurement data provided by Vi-ORTIS. Ciprofloxacin consumption (ATC group J01MA02) from 2017 to 2023 was quantified in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (DID) via the ATC/DDD methodology. Only 16 of 50 recommendations in national protocols align with the ciprofloxacin prescribing

SUBMITTER: Kussainova A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12749499 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature