Phthalates exposure and longitudinal trajectories of body composition and regional fat distribution in children: shifting towards "apple-shaped" body and the role of physical activity.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The effects of phthalate esters (PAEs) exposure on longitudinal changes in body composition and body fat distribution are not understood, especially in children. The study aimed to assess how PAEs influence the long-term changes in body composition (fat mass index (FMI), body fat percentage (BF%), fat-free mass index (FFMI), bone mineral density (BMD_Z), lean mass (LM) and total body water (TBW%)) and body regional fat distribution, and how physical activity moderate these effects.

Methods

We tracked 519 children in a child growth and development cohort from May 2017 to October 2020 in Xiamen city of China, measuring PAE metabolites at the outset and assessing body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis at six visits. Generalized estimating equations

SUBMITTER: Liu J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12750854 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature