Association between free triiodothyronine and diabetic retinopathy: insights from a longitudinal cohort study and Mendelian randomization.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Growing evidence indicates that thyroid function plays a critical pathophysiological role in diabetic microvascular complications. Nevertheless, the specific association between thyroid hormones, particularly free triiodothyronine (fT3), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains controversial.

Methods

After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 3703 patients were included in the baseline analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to assess the cross-sectional association between baseline fT3 levels and both the prevalence of DR. Subsequently, 1476 patients who underwent follow-up fundus photography were eligible for the retrospective cohort study. This secondary analysis examined the relationship between baseline fT3 quartiles and the ris

SUBMITTER: Feng X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12753430 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature