Discovery and identification of semaphorin 4D as a bioindicator of high fracture incidence in type 2 diabetic mice with glucose control.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Bone fracture is increasing in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to skeletal fragility. Most antidiabetics are expected to reduce the incidence of fracture in patients with T2DM, however the results are disappointing. Metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists have a neutral or minor positive effect in reducing fractures.

Objectives

We aim to reveal the mechanism of fracture in patients with T2DM treated with metformin or exendin-4, explore the key regulators responsible for bone fragility in T2DM.

Methods

Trabecular and cortical masses in mice with T2DM were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. Biomechanical strength of bone was determined according to three-point bending, and the expression of bone-associated factors was examined with en

SUBMITTER: Liu X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12766207 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature