Optogenetic neuromuscular actuation of a miniature electronic biohybrid robot.

ABSTRACT: Neuronal control of skeletal muscle function is ubiquitous across species for locomotion and doing work. In particular, emergent behaviors of neurons in biohybrid neuromuscular systems can advance bioinspired locomotion research. Although recent studies have demonstrated that chemical or optogenetic stimulation of neurons can control muscular actuation through the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the correlation between neuronal activities and resulting modulation in the muscle responses is less understood, hindering the engineering of high-level functional biohybrid systems. Here, we developed NMJ-based biohybrid crawling robots with optogenetic mouse motor neurons, skeletal muscles, 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds, and integrated onboard wireless micro-light-emitting diode (μLED)-based optoel

SUBMITTER: Min H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12767209 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature