Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The link between dietary choline/betaine and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been shown in several studies. However, the findings are controversial. This meta-analysis evaluated the connection between dietary choline/betaine and the incidence of T2D.

Methods

A thorough and organized search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to September 2024. All reported effect sizes and their 95% CIs for risk of T2D were used to estimate log RRs with their standard errors (SEs). The overall combined effect size was obtained via a random effects model. The variability among the studies was examined using Cochrane's Q test and the I-squared statistic.

Results

A total of five studies, including 76,678 subjects, provided data on the relationsh

SUBMITTER: Sharifi-Zahabi E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12767234 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature