Temporal Dynamics of the Milk Proteome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To characterize the temporal dynamics of the breast milk proteome between women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy controls across various lactation periods and to explore the potential impacts of these proteomic differences on offspring growth. Methods: Twenty mothers with GDM and 20 healthy mothers were included. Human milk samples were obtained at four distinct time points: colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk. Shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification was applied to analyze the milk proteome. Differentially expressed proteins were determined, and their functional roles were explored by GO enrichment and KEGG analyses. A random forest model was used to identify proteins distinguishing GDM milk. Correlations

SUBMITTER: Mu Q 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12772122 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature