Efficient removal of 2,4-D using NaOH-activated date seed Biochar with adsorption behavior, kinetic and isotherm modeling, and process optimization.

ABSTRACT: The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is highly mobile and resistant to degradation, posing serious ecological and human health risks in aquatic environments. In this study, we synthesized an efficient and sustainable adsorbent from date seed biomass through NaOH activation. The prepared biochar was characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET, and EDS analyses, which confirmed major improvements in surface functionality, pore structure, and specific surface area (236.42 m² g^-1). Under optimized batch conditions (pH = 4, dose = 2 g L^-1, contact time = 60 min), the NaOH-activated biochar achieved a removal efficiency of 89.3%, while the raw biochar reached only 33.6% at its optimum condition. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model (q_m

SUBMITTER: Keramatzadeh M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12775533 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature