Transition of oral microbiome profile in HIV-infected Indonesian patients: the role of antiretroviral therapy.

ABSTRACT:

Background

HIV infection alters host immunity, including the oral environment, leading to microbial imbalance and increased risk of opportunistic infections. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves immune function, its effect on the oral microbiome remains unclear, particularly in Indonesia. This study investigated oral microbiome composition in people living with HIV and its associations with ART status, age, and sex.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, oral rinse samples from 245 adults (115 HIV-on-ART, 15 HIV-ART-naïve, and 115 HIV-negative controls) were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity metrics, differential abundance (ANCOM-BC2), and multivariable associations (PERMANOVA) were assessed.

Results

The oral microbiome differ

SUBMITTER: Anshory M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12777814 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature