Five-Year Follow-Up of Photobiomodulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series Exploring Clinical Stability and Microbiome Modulation.

ABSTRACT: Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) involves progressive neurodegeneration with clinical or subclinical disturbance of the gut-brain axis, including altered gastrointestinal motility and enteric nervous system involvement. Clinical studies have reported gut microbiome alterations in PD, with shifts in taxa associated with inflammatory signalling and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism. Photobiomodulation (PBM), a non-invasive light therapy, has been investigated as a potential adjunctive treatment for PD, with proposed effects on neural, metabolic, and immune pathways. We previously reported the five-year clinical outcomes in a PBM-treated Parkinson's disease case series. Here we report the five-year gut microbiome outcomes based on longitudinal samples collected from the same

SUBMITTER: Bicknell B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12786582 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature