Negative life events and the risk of depression: Findings from Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014/2015.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Negative life experiences are well-established risk factors for mental health problems, yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Many studies also overlook area-level factors that may influence these relationships. This study aimed to examine the association between negative life events and depression among individuals in Indonesia, accounting for both individual and area-level characteristics.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used data from 31,446 individuals aged 15 years and older who participated in the Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 5 (IFLS-5), conducted in 2014-2015. Depression was assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10), a validated instrument measuring depressive symptoms durin

SUBMITTER: Irmansyah I 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12788663 | biostudies-literature | 2026

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature