The effectiveness of invasive and non-invasive biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training with or without electrical stimulation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Previous reviews evaluating biofeedback (BF)-assisted pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training (PFMT) with or without electrical stimulation (ES) for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) have reported conflicting results, and no consensus has been reached on the optimal parameters for this intervention.

Objectives

To (1) evaluate the effectiveness of non-invasive and invasive BF-assisted PFMT with or without ES for SUI in women and (2) investigate whether study design characteristics and intervention parameters affect treatment effects.

Design

Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Data sources and methods

Seven English and two Chinese databases were searched from inception to May 2025. Outcomes were synthesized as standardized m

SUBMITTER: Zhaoxue Liu S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12796149 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature