Global Andrology Forum (GAF) Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Non-obstructive Azoospermia: Bridging the Gap between Controversy and Consensus.

ABSTRACT:

Purpose

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate due to testicular failure, is observed in 5% to 15% of infertile men and accounts for two-thirds of azoospermia cases. The management of NOA is marked by significant controversy and global variation in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, highlighting the crucial need for well-designed and standardized clinical practice guidelines. We present comprehensive graded clinical practice recommendations and statements for diagnosing and treating NOA, aiming to establish standardized strategies that can globally help guide practitioners in their practice.

Materials and methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather evidence on the epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeu

SUBMITTER: Hamoda T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12798425 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature