Building Otto: An open-source Franz diffusion cell autosampler for automating in vitro skin permeation studies.

ABSTRACT: The Franz diffusion cell (FDC), widely used for measuring drug absorption across the skin, is usually operated manually. However, manual operation is not only labour-intensive and time-consuming, but inevitably introduces human errors and inter-operator variability. The requirement to perform regular sampling around the clock also presents a significant logistical challenge for researchers. Commercial FDC automation solutions are costly and require proprietary/bespoke FDC designs. To overcome these challenges, we have developed Otto as a customisable and affordable, aftermarket FDC automation solution, to be retrofitted to existing FDCs of generic specifications. Otto uses a modified cartesian 3D-printer as a gantry and adds liquid-handling capabilities using 3D-printed components and comm

SUBMITTER: Ng KW 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12808608 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature