Integrative computational modeling framework linking mycotoxin contamination, microbial hazards, and antimicrobial resistance risk in dairy systems.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Milk can sometimes carry harmful mycotoxins, which pose health risks, especially in hot and humid areas. We collected samples from both farms and households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, to see how common these toxins are, whether the genes that make them are present, and which environmental factors might make contamination worse.

Methods

We tested raw milk for aflatoxins (AFM1, AFM2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) using TLC, HPLC, and UHPLC-MS/MS. All testing procedures were validated following ICH Q2(R2), ISO 17025, and FDA guidance. PCR was applied to check for the genes aflC, otaA, and zen1. We then combined chemical, molecular, microbial, and environmental data and used multivariate statistics and PLS-DA modeling to find the main factors d

SUBMITTER: Khan R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12817779 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature