Increased Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Members in Neuroinflammatory Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Midbrains.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Neuroinflammation is a key neuropathological finding in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as increased cytokines are found in the midbrain of these individuals. However, the most upregulated inflammatory cytokines and most activated downstream signaling pathway(s) are unidentified.

Methods

We aimed to identify the most robust transcriptional change in the schizophrenia midbrain by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and to confirm the cellular source and magnitude of change by single-nucleus RNA-seq, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry in 61 healthy controls, 63 schizophrenia cases, and 33 bipolar disorder cases stratified into low- and high-inflammation groups.

Results

By RNA-seq, the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) pathw

SUBMITTER: Mendez-Victoriano G 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12818133 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature