The venous angle as an anatomical landmark to evaluate external ventricular catheter placement.

ABSTRACT: BackgroundExternal ventricular drain (EVD) placement is a lifesaving procedure that accesses the ventricular system. It is typically performed freehand using external craniometric landmarks. Herein, we study the utility of digital subtraction angiograms (DSA) in determining the EVD location by comparing it to the deep venous system.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted at a single center from 2021 to 2024 to identify patients with EVD placement for communicating hydrocephalus secondary to a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two independent reviewers assessed placement using Fargen's grade and a novel grading system. We analyzed inter-reviewer reliability.ResultsWe included 48 patients (mean age 60.3 ± 12.9) in this study. Most patients presented with a modified Fisher score of 4 (76.6%) and a

SUBMITTER: Ruchika F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12819124 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature